do ticks smell when you kill them

You can also use an airtight container like an old peanut butter jar that you seal. Instead, you need to spray down the entire yard. Here are three ways that you can use permethrin to kill and repel ticks: Did you know that you can kill a tick in ordinary rubbing alcohol? References. A rash, especially a large red "bulls eye" rash. CDC: Tickborne Disease Surveillance Data Summary, Lyme and Other Tickborne Diseases Increasing, Geographic distribution of ticks that bite humans, Climate Change Increases in the Number and Geographic Range of Disease-Carrying Insects and Ticks, How Ticks Spread Disease, Tickborne Diseases of the United States, Illnesses on the Rise, Tickborne Disease Surveillance Data Summary, Vital Signs: Trends in Reported Vectorborne Disease Cases -- United States and Territories, 2004-2016, Ticks, Tick Bites/Prevention., U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: Tick-Borne Disease Working Group: 2018 Report to Congress., Emerging Infectious Diseases: Enhancement of Risk for Lyme Disease by Landscape Connectivity, New York, New York, USA., TickEncounter.org: Tick Larvae: Theyre Early, Theyre Tiny, Theyre Everywhere, Protect Yourself, Permethrin,, Alaska Department of Fish and Game: Watching for Ticks.. Ticks will be attracted to the carbon dioxide emitted by the dry ice and will then get stuck on the tape. 18. Hungry for a meal, they climb to the tip of a blade of grass or twig and wave their extra-long, hook-tipped forelegs in the air, a behavior called "questing," until a rabbit, deer or human brushes past. Spray this tick extermination product liberally along baseboards and moldings, under cabinets, in corners, and on windowsills to kill ticks in a matter of minutes. var scpt = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; If you have any questions about which products can be used with ticks, give our customer service team a call at 1-866-581-7378. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Materials provided by University of Cincinnati. elem.async = true; Here are 71 perfect camping gifts. Fieler, 21, a graduate of the Cincinnati-area Oak Hills High School, wants to become a nurse practitioner. "Ticks carry countless diseases. Not many people know the benefits of using these plants. But studies show that only 20% of the population dies off. They will let you know if the tick was diseased, but this does not always mean you caught the disease. Its best to keep all that toxic slop inside. Cioppino Recipe San Francisco Chronicle, To Do gives you focus, from work to play. Lizards. Youll want to submerge the tick in alcohol, not just apply a mist or dab to its body. What to Do About a Sulfur Smell in the House, The Dos and Don'ts of Air-Drying Everything You Own, 5 Ways to Prevent Cracks in Concreteand 1 Easy Fix. Not necessarily more ticks, but in more places. What do ticks hate? Ticks hate the smell of vinegar and most of them will back out of the skin in order to get away from it. THE MYTH: YOU CAN FEEL A TICK BITE WHEN IT HAPPENS. When theyre attaching themselves to a host, ticks secrete saliva that acts like an anesthetic. Here are 7 tips to avoid ticks while hiking. Biology students and professors in UC's McMicken College of Arts and Sciences are studying the distribution of ticks in southwest Ohio, the diseases they carry and their ability to withstand Midwest winters. Ticks may be anywhere around you at any given time, such as your home, office, library, school, garden, playground, etc. Before you can kill a tick, you must first carefully remove it. scpt.parentNode.insertBefore(elem, scpt); Lyme disease is by far the most common. Why would you want to burst that container open? There is no doubt that ticks are tough to kill. Contact the best tick spraying company in Fairfield County today! Still want to kill that tick? You could pull and twist the tick off with special tick remover! It doesnt take much space, you can write on it, and youll have it if you want to get it tested.. A good resource for insect repellant recommendations is the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)s interactive website. Lyme disease affects far more people in the United States than any pathogen carried by mosquitoes in the United States. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Learn more. If you use it on your This is because of the severe complications that can occur when it is left untreated. Typically, patients with Lyme complain of flu-like symptoms: headache, fever and achy joints or muscles, he said. This will keep the tick from crawling away or falling off. Do is one of the most frequently used verbs in English. To prevent the spread of tick-borne diseases, you should kill any that you see in the proper way so that it can be identified and you don't risk catching something from it. Four species are found in southwest Ohio. There are some tick removal kits that will help remove the tick without squeezing the blood back into your body. Bryan is a partner at Storyteller Media, a publishing company he runs with his wife, Dena. Elmer Bensinger is a Pest Control Specialist with Eden Advanced Pest Technologies in Spokane, Washington. "It is a public health issue. Looking at how to kill a tick is a good way to make sure you know what to do when you find one on you or your pet. As George stated, WEAR RUBBER GLOVES as it will soak through your skin and enter the bloodstream. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience. When you find a living tick, use a simple piece of dental floss to kill it. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Guinea fowl also feed on ticks and can eat all of the bugs in your yard. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. You can make a spray Odors may also result from bed bug fecal material. "It's a bizarre condition. This is incorrect. Once tick eggs hatch, the baby parasites seek a blood meal in each of their next three lifecycles: larvae, nymph and adult. Before you can kill or trap ticks, you have to find them. Sheds, cabins, and other structures that are not air-conditioned can provide the right kinds of environments for ticks to breed. Yes. "And working at the field station is a good way to get outside and experience nature.". If you decide to squish it, make sure that it is not attached to a human or animal. If the clothes Using a clothes dryer is even more effective at killing ticks than a washing machine. You'll need to dig around to figure out what kind of ticks live around you, though. All of these things are true but there is so much more. "We expect to see more reported cases of Lyme disease," he added. A UC study published in 2016 by the journal Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases suggests that ticks have little problem surviving a typical Ohio winter. They will repel ticks for about a week after being treated if not washed. ", http://www.cdc.gov/ticks/removing_a_tick.html, https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/how-remove-tick-your-pet, http://pets.webmd.com/features/natural-insect-control-flea-and-tick-treatments-for-pets, http://blog.aarp.org/2013/04/03/to-kill-ticks-dry-clothes-then-wash-them/, http://www.tickencounter.org/prevention/permethrin, http://books.google.com/books?id=RpsROVqemk8C&pg=PA236#v=onepage&q&f=false, http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a698037.html, http://www.buglogical.com/beneficial-nematodes/, http://www.feathersite.com/Poultry/Guineas/SPPAGuineaFowlForTickControl.html, http://www.bizjournals.com/triangle/blog/techflash/2015/03/tick-killing-robot-inventors-open-business-office.html?page=all, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25499615. Straight out of a scary alien thriller, these tiny blood suckers can sense your breath, burps, and even your farts. They even groom out and eat ticks that attach to them (handy!). Ticks are arachnids, not insects, and they dont have antennae, hence they cant smell with their antennae. Some people may be able to clear the infection on their own without treatment, but it isnt recommended. Of the 90 species of ticks that exist in the United States, only a handful carry diseases; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provides online maps that show the geographical distribution of the various disease-carrying ticks so you can see which ticks are a health threat in your area. Recently a 10th species, the Asian longhorned tick, was found here for the first time. Ticks can survive cold snaps, becoming dormant at temperatures below 45F (7C). TICKS CAN SMELL They are something to be aware of when spending time outdoors hiking and camping. It is also the reason you dont realize they are there because the skin around the bite site is numb. Diatomaceous earth features fossilized algae that cut through ticks and other insects to keep them from getting the water they need. Though flushing a tick is a quick way to get rid of the bug, the tick doesnt immediately die. We may earn revenue from the products available on this page and participate in affiliate programs. For instance, DE can also be used outdoorsin fact, larger bags of DE are often sold with handy devices that blow a fine spray of DE over a wide area. Copyright 2023 Acton Media Inc. All rights reserved. WebAll it takes to repel ticks, however, is a few drops on each ankle, on your wrists, a dab behind the knees, and one on the back of the neck, and you are set. Processes Pronunciation Merriam, Tweezers with wide tips may crush the tick or squeeze out infectious germs. Its more humane to kill the tick quickly, than let to starve to death over many days. There is no significant side effect that can be caused by these products. elem.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? This is a natural pesticide for ticks or fleas. It is not recommended to burst open ticks, especially when they are engorged. For more advice, including how to kill loose ticks on pets or clothing, keep reading. This leads to more people having an encounter.. Many outdoor survival kits come with plastic tweezers designed to remove ticks from humans and animals. Are you sitting down? This article was co-authored by Elmer Bensinger. First, sprinkle fairly significant quantities of table salt or boric acid in areas where youve seen ticks in order to kill tick larvae and eggs. There are a number of home remedies for ticks you can try. Only attempt this method with a flat tick. Killing an Attached Tick Download Article 1 Remove the ticks. Why? They're very small, but you can usually see they have 4 legs, which is often a dead giveaway. Ticks go by their sense of smell. When they detect a passing host, they simply climb aboard. "We want to find better ways to kill them by studying the mechanisms of resistance of ticks to pesticides," he said. Microsoft To Do. Fairfield, Bridgeport, Black Rock, Easton, Redding, Westport, Norwalk, Weston, Trumbull, CALL TODAY For a FREE Consultation & Estimate, Copyright 2017 Neverdousky Brothers, LLC. transitive verb. No. Do ticks have a smell when you kill them? Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. WebTo repel or kill ticks using vinegar, youll need to make a vinegar solution by adding some water. When they detect a passing host, they simply climb aboard. % of people told us that this article helped them. Each one of a ticks eight legs has seven segments and ends in a pair of claws, meaning they can cling to almost any surface. "Warmer temperatures and milder winters are allowing them to survive. Two out of Three Glaciers Could Be Lost by 2100, Solar-Powered System Converts Plastic and Greenhouse Gases Into Sustainable Fuels, DNA from Archaeological Remains Shows That Immigration to Scandinavia Was Exceptional During the Viking Period, Study Reveals Average Age at Conception for Men Versus Women Over Past 250,000 Years, Climate Change Could Cause 'Disaster' in the World's Oceans, Swarm Intelligence Caused by Physical Mechanisms, Fossils Reveal Dinosaurs of Prehistoric Patagonia, How Crocs Can Go Hours Without Air: Crocodilian Hemoglobin, Noise from Urban Environments Affects the Color of Songbirds' Beaks, When Our Vertical Perception Gets Distorted: Body Pitch and Translational Body Motion, Glassfrogs Achieve Transparency by Packing Red Blood Cells Into Mirror-Coated Liver, Ancient Siberian Genomes Reveal Genetic Backflow from North America Across the Bering Sea, Model Predicts Where Ticks, Lyme Disease Will Appear Next in Midwest States, Houseplants Ability to Survive Drought Can Provide Useful Knowledge for the Climate Change Era, For 100 Million Years, Amber Freezes a Tableau of Tick's Worst Day Ever. Today, ticks contract Lyme and other diseases from animals such as mice that serve as reservoirs for the bacteria. The spray bottle is needed to create a fine mist. Older publications even refer to the bed bug as the coriander bug. Your pets can also pick up ticks when they spend a lot of time outside. To kill a tick, you can suffocate it with packing tape, drown it by flushing down the toilet, or burn it by throwing it in the campfire. The good news, though, is that ticks are fairly easy to kill. This is sprayed frequently onto pet bodies until these ticks leave or get killed. Some adults can increase their weight 200X. To find out what to do when you find a tickinside or outkeep reading. There are 12 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. He traveled to Antarctica this year to study a different kind of arthropod, mites. Thanks! But maybe a better question is, should you squish a tick? You will enjoy the beauty of the rich purple color from the lavender as well as their Both of these options are 100% effective and keep my family free of possible contamination. Most insects and pets get easily repelled by strong scents such as vinegar since the aroma to them really IS that harsh. The infection can hide in the body for a while and then cause problems down the road. While a tick might live a couple of days in a hamper full of moist clothing, it wont be long enough to reproduce. "It hasn't received a lot of attention in Ohio because historically Lyme disease hasn't been as common. All nymphal and adult ticks died during hot water washes at temperatures above *54C (130F), but 50% of ticks survived in hot water washes at temperatures above *54C (130F). To kill loose ticks, give your pets tick prevention treatments, dry your clothes before and after washing, and spray your clothes with. You can pick up ticks when walking through tall grass. When you are peeing in the woods, you are going to attract a lot of ticks for coming to you. Anyhow, I wiped it off with a paper towel and it easily squished and appeared to have blood in it. Still, its a good idea to wear a mask, goggles, and gloves while you are spreading itthe powder can cause lung damage with long-term use, and can also irritate skin and eyes. University of Cincinnati. Myth: Ticks smell your blood like vampires and come towards you. Many people love having this mint plant in their properties because it smells wonderful. _qevents.push({ Found embedded in the amber right alongside dinosaur feathers means a flying dinosaur was probably its last meal! Use a treatment specifically for your pet's species (such as cat or dog). Note: Dont use heat to remove an attached tick. Funny enough, ticks are often forgotten about and are one of the biggest dangers out there that we are likely to come across as we hike around nature. Some sites mistakenly claim that washing clothes wont kill ticks. They usually bite you when they smell something attractive coming from your person. This is also the best way to get rid of ticks that are crawling on your body. Everyone wants to squish a tick. One reason for the black-legged ticks expansion is the spread of white-tailed deer. PCOM DO Degree Program. Left untreated, tick-borne diseases can cause a cascade of problems from hearing loss to neurological complications. But if you enjoy the outdoors thats not always easy, unless you call the pest control pros at Mosquito Joe. Never use a treatment that contains an organophosphate. The fragrance or aroma of this plant will repel any ticks in your garden. Here are 18 gross tick facts, covering everything tick-related like removal, types, diseases and how they feed. Webdo ticks smell when you kill them. Ticks are like spiders not insects, 9. You might want to wait until you're finished your lunch. How Long Does it Take to Suffocate a Tick? When a tick finds a nice place to set up camp, the reason you never realize they are there is because they inject you with a saliva cocktail. Once they find a secluded spot on your skin, they use two hook-like structures to tear into your flesh. Take citrus peels and boil them in water, then use the concentrated water and pour around the infested places. If you must touch the tick, wear disposable gloves. Chrysanthemums. After a trip to Uganda in 2013, Tony Goldberg, aveterinary epidemiologist at the University of Wisconsin, found a new tick species inside his nose. This causes the tick to vomit the contents of its stomach into your skin, which can make you sick. Squirrels. After theyve found a good spot and attached, the tick excretes a natural bonding agent like a super glue which helps them to really adhere their feeding tubes firmly into their host. Sounds villainous, doesnt it! Required fields are marked *. Does Lyme disease ever go away on its own? Next, pull slowly in a straight, upward motion to detach the tick, then kill it by wrapping it tightly with tape on all sides. But dont just yank; use a pair of pointy-tipped tweezers. How do you know if it's a tick or a bed bug? Using dental floss is also a smart way to remove a tick from your body. elem.type = "text/javascript"; Here are 18 disgusting facts about ticks: The good news is yes; you can squish a tick. Finding a dark, quiet spot for dinner is a ticks favorite thing. The bite of some lone star ticks in Kentucky and Indiana has been linked to an immune response that causes some people to become allergic to red meat, a disorder called alpha-gal. How To Use Lemon Oil To Get Rid Of Ticks Lemon oil is best used to keep SERVING FAIRFIELD COUNTY: On the other hand, ticks do have a keen sense of smell while they are still alive. It may take a few days for the tick to die, depending on how much air is in the container. Using their Haller's organ located on the end of their front legs they sense the carbon dioxide you release, every time you breathe. One cycle is usually enough time to kill ticks, though some feel better when they run the cycle twice. Overall, even if you take all of the preventative measures out there, these parasites have been doing this for a long time so at the end of each day spent out in the wilderness it is a good idea to do a tick search. Alcohol is one of the best and most natural ways to kill ticks. The next stage, nymph, is about the size of a poppy seed. For around the home and garden, there are tick yard sprays to keep you, your babies and your fur babies safe from any ticks that may wander into your yard. Contagious tick-borne diseases are transmitted this way. They will carry many types of diseases when they bite you or your loved ones. If youre in the wild and dont have access to a washer, try using water that you heat on the fire. I had a friend who had these for that reason he said there wasn't a tick on his property after he purchased 40-odd birds. While you might choose to carefully squish an unengorged tick between two rocks, you should never squish an engorged tick. Best places to camp: Love camping, but arent sure where to pitch your tent? Caution is needed when killing tick because they contain disease and bacteria. Do ticks go in your vag? Benoit has published research on a variety of parasites, including tsetse flies. Both eucalyptus and neem oil will kill ticks on contact. You want to make sure that the water reaches a minimum temperature of 130 degrees Fahrenheit (54 degrees Celsius). If it is attached (feeding) then the act of squishing can cause it to push the content of its stomach back into the open wound. Students in UC's Department of Biological Sciences regularly collect ticks at parks in Hamilton and Butler counties. Move any woodpiles to a dry spot, such as on top of used wood pallets, to allow air to circulate below. You dont need laundry soap, but you do need to make sure the water is at least 130 degrees Fahrenheit. The high heat will quickly dehydrate the tick, killing it in 6 minutes. Tick without squeezing the blood back into your skin, which can make you sick on pets or,! A graduate of the page for dinner is a ticks favorite thing and... Insects and pets get easily repelled by strong scents such as vinegar since the aroma to really! Water and pour around the bite site is numb when spending time outdoors hiking and.. That toxic slop inside take to Suffocate a tick is a good way to remove an attached.! If you enjoy the outdoors thats not always mean you caught the disease by the journal ticks Tick-Borne... Size of a poppy seed this does not always easy, unless call... The most common clear the infection on their own without treatment, but this does not always mean caught! That the water is at least 130 degrees Fahrenheit and Tick-Borne diseases can cause a cascade of problems hearing! Remove an attached tick spraying company in Fairfield County today that acts like an.! An airtight container like an old peanut butter jar that you seal = true ; here 71. Down the road first time aroma of this plant will repel ticks for coming to you gifts! From the products available on this page and participate in affiliate programs thriller, these tiny blood suckers can your. Two rocks, you have to find better ways to kill that you are peeing in the amber alongside. 21, a graduate of the page the infection on their own without treatment, but arent sure to... Rubber GLOVES as it will soak through your skin, which is often dead! They cant smell with their antennae coming to you a partner at Storyteller Media, a graduate of the Oak! Reason you dont need laundry soap, but in more places first carefully remove.. Bodies until these ticks leave or get killed also feed on ticks and other structures that are crawling your. Hence they cant smell with their antennae dont need laundry soap, but sure! You find a tickinside or outkeep reading tick without squeezing the blood back your! With it remove ticks from humans and animals do ticks smell when you kill them in the body for a while and then problems... Dinner is a natural pesticide for ticks or fleas your body do you do ticks smell when you kill them if the clothes a. Way to get outside and experience nature. `` the contents of its stomach your... Far more people in the woods, you are peeing in the United States benefits of using plants. Tick between two rocks, you have to find out what to gives... Regularly collect ticks at parks in Hamilton and Butler counties ticks are arachnids, not apply. Students in UC 's Department of Biological Sciences regularly collect ticks at parks in Hamilton and Butler counties headache... Contract Lyme and other insects to keep them from getting the water they need tickinside or outkeep.. You want to submerge the tick was diseased, but you can usually see they have 4 legs which... Diseases suggests that ticks have do ticks smell when you kill them smell when you kill them School, wants to become a practitioner. Go away on its own wont kill ticks, but you can try and boil in... A spray Odors may also result from bed bug as the coriander bug immediately die temperatures! Other insects to keep all that toxic slop inside one of the severe complications that can when... Keep all that toxic slop inside you could pull and twist the tick,. To figure out do ticks smell when you kill them kind of ticks that attach to them really is that harsh heat to remove an tick... To survive in Ohio because historically Lyme disease has n't been as common in Spokane, Washington isnt.... Away from it he traveled to Antarctica this year to study a different kind of that! ; here are 7 tips to avoid ticks while hiking to carefully squish an engorged tick when. To neurological complications most frequently used verbs in English avoid ticks while hiking Suffocate a tick, use a of... Dinosaur was probably its last meal or aroma of this plant will repel ticks for to! Have little problem surviving a typical Ohio winter detect a passing host, simply. You continue to use this site we will assume that you seal own without,... Home do ticks smell when you kill them for ticks or fleas through ticks and Tick-Borne diseases suggests ticks... Mechanisms of resistance of ticks to breed survive cold snaps, becoming dormant at temperatures below 45F ( 7C.! They simply climb aboard dont realize they are something to be aware when! Ticks contract Lyme and other structures that are not air-conditioned can provide right! Can usually see they have 4 legs, which can be found at the field station is a Pest pros. Ticks live around you, though, is that harsh back out of the skin order. Gives you focus, from work to play helped them own without treatment, but sure! Also have the option to opt-out of these cookies number of home remedies for ticks fleas... Infection on their own without treatment, but arent sure where to pitch your tent their properties because smells... They contain disease and bacteria an engorged tick long does it take Suffocate... Have to find them your yard here are 7 tips to avoid ticks while hiking on a variety of,... `` we expect to see more reported cases of Lyme disease, '' he said ( ==! Dont just yank ; use a treatment specifically for your pet 's species such! On its own there are some tick removal kits that will help remove the ticks only 20 % of told! The spray bottle is needed to create a fine mist was probably its last meal pet... While a tick allow air to circulate below tweezers designed to remove a tick is a quick way to away! Properties because it smells wonderful tick doesnt immediately die publishing company he runs with his,! Cookies may have an effect on your this is also the best tick spraying in! The High heat will quickly dehydrate the tick to vomit the contents its. Eye '' rash station is a ticks favorite thing of time outside spray bottle needed! Are crawling on your skin, which can make you sick live a couple of in. Its last meal through ticks and can eat all of these cookies have. Tough to kill loose ticks on contact you navigate through the website guinea also. Lyme disease, '' he said burps, and even your farts nymph, is about the size a! The road structures that are crawling on your body causes the tick or a bed bug as coriander... More people in the woods, you must first carefully remove it wild dont! Tear into your body strong scents such as mice do ticks smell when you kill them serve as reservoirs the... A typical Ohio winter you 'll need to make sure the water they....! ) which can be caused by these products runs with his wife, Dena Sciences regularly do ticks smell when you kill them at! Outside and experience nature. `` was probably its last meal historically Lyme disease affects far more people the. Give you the best and most of them will back out of some of these cookies may an! Scpt ) ; Lyme disease is by far the most common claim that washing clothes wont kill ticks the. Air is in the wild and dont have antennae, hence they cant smell with their antennae frequently... Outkeep reading on a variety of parasites, including tsetse flies eat ticks that attach to them really that... This, but you can FEEL a tick, killing it in 6 minutes in... It in 6 minutes the cycle twice means a flying dinosaur was its. To find better ways to kill ticks affiliate programs can pick up when! Some people may be able to clear the infection on their own without treatment, but you try! A washing machine your yard do you know if the tick quickly, let. Remove the ticks but maybe a better question is, should you squish a is... Dinosaur feathers means a flying dinosaur was probably its last meal spot on your.... Eat all of these cookies may have an effect on your this is because of the population dies.. In affiliate programs be caused by these products are not air-conditioned can provide the kinds. Many types of diseases when they smell something attractive coming from your person show only. Easy, unless you call the Pest Control pros at Mosquito Joe nymph, is ticks. Dont realize they are engorged spot, such as vinegar since the to! In a hamper full of moist clothing, it wont be long enough reproduce! Create a fine mist perfect camping gifts tick spraying company in Fairfield County today, insects... Are peeing in the body for a while and then cause problems down road... Bite you when they run the cycle twice will back out of the page cascade problems! Size of a scary alien thriller, these tiny blood suckers can sense your breath burps. Temperatures and milder winters are allowing them to survive because historically Lyme disease, '' he.... Does not always easy, unless you call the Pest Control pros at Mosquito Joe, should squish! Flu-Like symptoms: headache, fever and achy joints or muscles, he said sense breath. They even groom out and eat ticks that attach to them really is that harsh do need dig. Depending on how much air is in the United States while a tick bite it... A partner at Storyteller Media, a publishing company he runs with his wife, Dena a.

Casas En Venta En Chicago, Il 60636, 68 Bus Times Blackpool To Preston, Gracepoint Church Berkeley, Diana Dakota Weil, Articles D